FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM TYPES

The wet pipe sprinkler system is the most common and straightforward type. It consists of a network of pipes filled with pressurized water at all times. Each sprinkler head is equipped with a heat-sensitive element that activates when exposed to a certain temperature, releasing water onto the fire. Wet pipe systems are commonly found in heated buildings where freezing is not a concern, such as offices, schools, and residential buildings.

Antifreeze sprinkler systems are designed for cold environments where freezing temperatures may be a concern. These systems use a mixture of water and antifreeze solution in the pipes to prevent the water from freezing. When a fire occurs, the heat activates the sprinkler heads, and the antifreeze solution is discharged along with the water to suppress the fire.

Dry pipe sprinkler systems are primarily used in areas where the ambient temperature can drop below freezing. Instead of water, the pipes are filled with pressurized air or nitrogen. When a sprinkler head is activated, the air pressure drops, allowing a valve to open and water to flow into the pipes, and eventually, the activated sprinkler head. This design prevents the water from freezing in the pipes, ensuring the system remains operational in cold environments. Dry pipe systems are commonly found in unheated buildings, parking garages, and warehouses.

Pre-action sprinkler systems are commonly used in environments where accidental water discharge can be detrimental, such as data centers, museums, and libraries. This system requires two triggers to activate the sprinklers. First, a fire detection system, such as smoke or heat detectors, must sense a fire. Then, a supplemental trigger, such as a sprinkler head activation, must confirm the fire before water is released into the pipes. Pre-action systems provide an extra level of protection against accidental water discharge, as they require two independent events to occur.

Deluge sprinkler systems are typically used in high-hazard environments where rapid fire suppression is essential, such as chemical storage areas, power plants, or aircraft hangars. Unlike other systems, all the sprinkler heads in a deluge system are open and do not have heat-sensitive elements. When a fire is detected, a deluge valve opens, allowing a large volume of water to flow through all the sprinkler heads simultaneously. Deluge systems provide a significant amount of water quickly to suppress fires in areas with high fire risks or fast fire spread.

Pre-action deluge systems combine the features of pre-action and deluge systems. They require both fire detection and confirmation before water is released into the sprinkler pipes. Once activated, all the sprinkler heads operate simultaneously, similar to a deluge system. Pre-action deluge systems are commonly used in areas where fast fire suppression is critical, and accidental water discharge must be minimized.

Foam water sprinkler systems are designed to suppress fires involving flammable liquids, such as petroleum-based fuels or solvents. These systems use a combination of water and foam concentrate to extinguish the fire. When a fire is detected, water mixed with foam concentrate is discharged through the sprinkler heads, creating a foam blanket that suppresses the flames and prevents reignition.

Water mist sprinkler systems use fine water droplets to suppress fires. These droplets rapidly evaporate, displacing oxygen and absorbing heat, effectively extinguishing the fire. Water mist systems are especially useful in areas where water damage needs to be minimized, such as museums, historical buildings, or data centers. They can also be used for special applications, such as protecting flammable liquids or cooking equipment.

Residential sprinkler systems are specifically designed for single-family homes, apartments, and other residential buildings. These systems use smaller, aesthetically pleasing sprinkler heads that blend seamlessly with the interior decor. Residential sprinklers are often connected to the main domestic water supply and are designed to provide early fire detection and suppression, protecting occupants and limiting property damage.

ESFR sprinkler systems are specifically designed for high-piled storage areas, warehouses, and industrial facilities. These systems have specialized sprinkler heads that deliver a high volume of water at a fast rate to quickly suppress fires. ESFR sprinklers are designed to provide early response and high heat absorption to control and extinguish fires involving high-stack storage materials.